Thesearchlight.com

By Dr. Eli Lizorkin-Girzhel, The Searchlight / September 25, 2026

Set a Protestant Bible, a Catholic Bible, and an Orthodox Bible side by side, and at first glance they look nearly identical. All three New Testaments contain the same twenty-seven books. One important exception is the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, whose broader New Testament canon includes additional writings. Matthew opens each one. Revelation closes each one. Each tells the same story: Jesus, His death and resurrection, and the first believers who carried His message across the Roman world.

Open to the Old Testament, though, and the picture changes.

A Catholic Bible includes Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach, Baruch, and 1 and 2 Maccabees, books that are usually missing from Protestant Bibles. Orthodox Bibles often go further still, adding works like Psalm 151, 3 Maccabees, and the Prayer of Manasseh.

So did someone add books along the way? Or did someone take them out?

The real story is more interesting than either accusation, and it starts long before there was a single bound Bible at all.

Scripture Before It Was One Book

It is easy to picture ancient Jews reading a Bible with a fixed table of contents, the way we do today. But biblical books first existed as separate scrolls.

The Torah held the central place in Jewish life, and the Prophets carried great weight as well. Psalms, wisdom literature, and other sacred writings were copied, prayed, studied, and read aloud in community. The exact edges of this collection, especially the Writings, were discussed and received through a long and complex process.

Part of the reason is that Jews did not all speak one language. In Judea and Galilee, Hebrew and Aramaic were common. But large Jewish populations in Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome spoke Greek, and they needed their Scriptures in a language they understood.

Starting centuries before Jesus, Jewish translators began rendering the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. These Greek translations, together with other Greek Jewish writings transmitted alongside them, came to be associated with what Christians later called the Septuagint, or LXX. It was not produced as a single finished volume in one moment. It grew over generations as a Greek Jewish scriptural tradition.

Jesus was born into this world of many languages, and so were His earliest followers.

The Scriptures of the First Christians

When Paul traveled through the Roman Empire, Greek was the common tongue in many of the cities where he preached. It is no surprise, then, that New Testament writers frequently quote Israel’s Scriptures in wording close to the Greek Septuagint, though they also sometimes follow Hebrew-like wording, adapt a text for their argument, or offer a translation of their own.

This does not mean the first Christians swapped out a Hebrew Bible for a Greek one. Greek Scripture was already woven into Jewish life, read in synagogues and Jewish communities well beyond the land of Israel.

That Greek scriptural world also included writings outside the books that would eventually form the Jewish Hebrew canon. Christians kept reading many of these because they shed light on Jewish history, wisdom, suffering, prayer, and hope.

This is how Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, and Maccabees became part of the story.

Protestants generally label these books the Apocrypha. Catholics call Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, and 1–2 Maccabees Deuterocanonical. The term means ‘second canon’ in the sense of their later or debated recognition, not that Catholics regard them as second-class Scripture. Many Orthodox traditions hold a wider collection, though the exact contents vary among churches (these books are called “the things that are read”). Whatever term we use, it is clear that these are ancient Jewish writings, not later Christian additions.

Were These Books Only Ever Written in Greek?

No, and this correction matters.

Sirach, sometimes called Ecclesiasticus, was originally composed in Hebrew by a Jewish sage in Jerusalem. For centuries Christians knew it mainly through Greek and Latin translations, but substantial sections of the Hebrew original have since been recovered.

Tobit offers an even sharper example. For a long time it was known largely through Greek Christian copies. Then fragments of Tobit were found at Qumran: four Aramaic manuscripts and one Hebrew manuscript.

Consider what that means. A book left out of nearly every Protestant Bible was being copied and read by Jews in the land of Israel around the time of Jesus.

The First Maccabees was likely composed in Hebrew too, although the original Hebrew has not survived. Psalm 151, found in many Orthodox Bibles, also exists in an ancient Hebrew form among the Dead Sea Scrolls.

So the line “Hebrew books belong in the Bible, Greek books do not” simply does not hold up. Some books outside the Protestant Old Testament were written in Hebrew or Aramaic. Language alone never decided which books entered the canon.

What the Dead Sea Scrolls Show Us

The Dead Sea Scrolls do not point to a Jewish world without Scripture. Just the opposite. The community at Qumran copied biblical books, studied them intensely, and built their lives around them.

(The Dead Sea Scrolls are some 900 Jewish manuscripts from roughly the third century BCE to the first century CE, found in caves near Qumran along the Dead Sea.)

But the Scrolls also reveal a scriptural world more varied than many modern readers assume. Some biblical manuscripts closely match the Hebrew text later preserved by the Masoretes. Others align with the Hebrew text underlying the Greek Septuagint. Still others preserve different textual traditions altogether, like Samaritan Pentateuch/Torah.

None of these variations means everything was up for grabs or that every Jewish writing carried equal weight. It means the biblical text, and the boundaries of the sacred collection, were still taking shape across different Jewish communities.

Our neatly bound Bibles sit at the far end of a long process. Jesus stood much earlier in that story.

Why the Traditions Diverge

Early Christianity spread chiefly through the Greek-speaking Mediterranean, so Greek-Jewish Scripture naturally passed down to many Christian communities. For centuries, churches kept reading the Deuterocanonical books, and they appear in major Christian Bible manuscripts, though not always in the same collection. The Council of Trent in 1546 did not invent these books; it reaffirmed a heritage Western Christians had already received.

The Reformers took a different route. As Christian scholars returned to Hebrew study, they gave special priority to the books preserved in the Jewish Hebrew canon. Martin Luther (I am not his fan) set the additional Jewish writings apart from what he viewed as fully canonical, yet he did not discard them. His Bible placed them in a separate section, calling them useful and good to read, though not equal to Holy Scripture. The original 1611 King James Bible included them too.

Eastern Christianity stayed especially close to the Greek biblical tradition, which is why Orthodox Old Testaments tend to be broader still, though the exact contents vary between Orthodox churches.

Conclusion

The deepest disagreement here is not whether these books are Jewish. Tobit is Jewish. Sirach is Jewish. Maccabees is Jewish. Nor is it really about which language they were first written in. The real question is one of canon: which ancient Jewish writings should the Church receive as Scripture in the fullest sense?

Different Bibles unsettle us because we want clean boundaries and simple answers. But ancient Jewish communities did not all share one identical table of contents. It was a living world of scrolls, prayers, translations, and communities working to hear and obey the God of Israel.

We may still land in different places regarding canon. But honesty calls us to set slogans aside, know these books, sit with the questions they raise, and offer thanks for the long, layered story through which Scripture reached us. The wider Jewish library does not shrink the Bible. It helps us read it with deeper gratitude.